1. Which region of the world’s oceans absorbs the most anthropogenic CO₂, acting as a major carbon sink?

2. Which evidence most strongly supports the existence of dark matter?

3. Which type of seismic wave arrives first at a seismic station during an earthquake?

4. Which of the following is a core limitation of the Turing Test as a measure of machine intelligence?

5. The Chandrasekhar limit (~1.4 solar masses) represents:

6. Which quantum number determines the orientation of an orbital in space?

7. The transformer architecture revolutionized NLP mainly by introducing:

8. The detection of exoplanets using the transit method relies on:

9. Which rule predicts the order in which subshells are filled with electrons in atoms?

10. Which process drives the global thermohaline circulation, also called the “ocean conveyor belt”?

11. Which isotope ratio is most commonly used in paleoclimatology to reconstruct past temperatures from ice cores?

12. In superconductors, the Meissner effect refers to:

13. Which acid is considered the strongest known superacid?

14. Which of the following best explains why neutron stars have such extreme densities?

15. Which phenomenon best explains why deep neural networks often require massive labeled datasets to generalize effectively?

16. Which organelle is primarily responsible for initiating apoptosis (programmed cell death)?

17. Which ethical concern is most directly linked to the concept of “black box” AI systems?

18. The lac operon in E. coli is an example of:

19. Which principle underlies the operation of a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) machine?

20. Which enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides to the ends of chromosomes to prevent shortening during replication?