1. Which of the following cellular components is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and is responsible for protein synthesis?

2. A scientist is culturing a microorganism that grows best in the absence of oxygen and is even harmed by its presence. What type of organism is this, based on its oxygen requirement?

3. What term describes a harmless microorganism that lives on or in a host without causing disease, often providing benefits?

4. A patient develops a fungal infection on their skin. Which type of eukaryotic microorganism is most likely responsible for this condition?

5. Which staining technique is commonly used in microbiology to differentiate bacteria based on the properties of their cell walls, classifying them as either positive or negative?

6. In a wastewater treatment plant, specific microorganisms are used to break down organic pollutants into simpler, less harmful substances. What beneficial role are these microorganisms playing?

7. A microbiologist observes a single-celled organism that moves using pseudopods ("false feet") and obtains nutrients by engulfing smaller particles. This organism belongs to which group of eukaryotic microorganisms?

8. What is the protective outer layer found in some bacteria that helps them resist phagocytosis and contributes to their pathogenicity?

9. A food scientist is trying to prevent spoilage in a dairy product by heating it to a specific temperature for a set time to kill most harmful microorganisms, without severely affecting its quality. What process are they applying?

10. In a hospital setting, a specific type of microorganism is known for forming biofilms on medical devices, making them highly resistant to antibiotics and disinfectants. Which class of microorganisms is primarily associated with forming such complex, resistant communities?

11. What is the primary method of reproduction for most bacteria, resulting in two identical daughter cells?

12. Which of the following is a key characteristic that distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

13. Which term describes a microorganism that causes disease in its host?

14. Which part of a bacterial cell is a whip-like appendage used for motility (movement)?

15. A microbiologist is examining a microorganism that lacks a cellular structure, can only reproduce inside a host cell, and consists of genetic material (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat. What type of microorganism is this?