1. A geneticist is studying a human pedigree and notices that a particular trait appears in every generation, and affected individuals have at least one affected parent. This pattern is characteristic of what type of inheritance?

2. Which molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, matching them to the codons on mRNA?

3. What is the process by which genetic information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, like a protein?

4. A scientist observes a change in a single nucleotide base within the DNA sequence of an organism, which leads to a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein. What type of genetic alteration has occurred?

5. What is the fundamental unit of heredity that determines a specific trait and is passed from parents to offspring?

6. A genetic counselor is explaining to a couple that their child has a 25% chance of inheriting a specific genetic disorder if both parents are carriers of the recessive allele. What type of inheritance pattern are they discussing?

7. Researchers are developing a technique to introduce a functional gene into a patient's cells to correct a genetic disorder. What specific field of genetic technology are they working in?

8. Imagine a pea plant cross where a true-breeding tall plant (dominant trait) is crossed with a true-breeding short plant (recessive trait). What would be the phenotype of all offspring in the F1 generation?

9. What is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself, ensuring that genetic information is passed on to daughter cells during cell division?

10. What are short, repeating DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that protect genetic information during replication?

11. What is the term for a specific location on a chromosome where a particular gene is found?

12. What is the term for an organism's observable characteristics or traits, resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment?

13. What is the name for the complete set of an organism's genetic material, including all of its genes and non-coding DNA?

14. You are analyzing a population of bacteria that are rapidly evolving resistance to an antibiotic. This evolution is occurring due to spontaneous changes in their DNA. What is the general term for these changes in the genetic material?