1. In a eukaryotic cell, where does the process of transcription (the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template) primarily occur?

2. Researchers are using a revolutionary gene-editing tool that allows them to make precise cuts in a DNA sequence at specific locations, enabling them to insert, delete, or modify genes. What is this molecular tool commonly known as?

3. Which stage of the cell cycle involves the replication of DNA, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes?

4. What term describes the process by which a cell takes in large molecules or particles by engulfing them in its plasma membrane, forming a vesicle?

5. A cell detects significant damage to its DNA that cannot be repaired. To prevent the damaged cell from dividing and potentially leading to disease, the cell initiates a process of programmed cell death. What is this process called?

6. Which component of the cell membrane is primarily responsible for its selective permeability, regulating the passage of substances into and out of the cell?

7. Which cellular structure is composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, providing structural support, enabling cell movement, and facilitating intracellular transport?

8. A cell needs to synthesize proteins that will be secreted outside the cell or integrated into cell membranes. Which organelle network is primarily involved in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of these proteins?

9. A new cancer therapy targets a specific gene that, when mutated, causes cells to divide uncontrollably. The therapy aims to correct or disable this mutated gene to stop tumor growth. What area of modern medicine does this approach fall under?

10. Which specialized enzyme is responsible for synthesizing a new DNA strand by adding nucleotides complementary to a template strand during DNA replication?

11. A scientist is studying a cell where the normal regulatory mechanisms that control cell growth and division have failed, leading to uncontrolled proliferation and the formation of a tumor. What type of cellular disease is being described?

12. What specialized junction found in animal cells allows for direct communication between adjacent cells through small channels, permitting the passage of ions and small molecules?

13. Consider a bacterial cell. Unlike eukaryotic cells, it lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. What term best describes this type of cellular organization?

14. Imagine a researcher observing a cell under a microscope. They notice a large, fluid-filled sac that stores water, nutrients, and waste products, and also helps maintain turgor pressure in plant cells. What organelle are they observing?

15. Which organelle is responsible for generating most of the ATP (adenosine triphosphate) used as chemical energy for the cell's metabolic activities through cellular respiration?