1. What is the double-stranded helical molecule that carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses?

2. What is the primary role of NAD⁺ in cellular respiration?

3. What are the building blocks of proteins?

4. You are analyzing a sample and find a complex molecule composed of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. What type of molecule have you identified?

5. Which type of lipid is the primary component of cell membranes, forming a bilayer due to its hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails?

6. Which of the following macromolecules is most likely to be amphipathic?

7. Which of the following is the primary energy currency of the cell?Glucose

8. An enzyme's activity is reduced when a molecule binds to a site on the enzyme that is not the active site, causing a conformational change that affects the active site's ability to bind to the substrate. What type of enzyme regulation is this?

9. What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

10. During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen to produce a small amount of ATP and byproducts like lactic acid or ethanol. What process is this?

11. A protein loses its specific three-dimensional shape due to changes in temperature, pH, or chemical exposure, causing it to lose its biological function. What process has occurred?

12. What is the main function of ribozymes in biochemistry?

13. What is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors (like amino acids or glycerol)?

14. The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose) using carbon dioxide and water is known as:

15. You are studying the structure of a protein and are interested in the sequence of its amino acids. What level of protein structure are you examining?

16. What is the general term for the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism?

17. What is the term for the overall set of metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units to release energy?

18. Which vitamin is a cofactor for transaminase enzymes in amino acid metabolism?

19. What is the primary function of carbohydrates in living organisms?

20. A scientist is studying a large biological molecule that acts as a catalyst, speeding up specific biochemical reactions in the body without being consumed. What type of molecule is this?