1. When light from a distant galaxy appears shifted towards the red end of the color spectrum, what does this “redshift” tell scientists about that galaxy's movement?

2. What’s a key reason astrophysicists are focusing on M-dwarf stars in the search for habitable exoplanets?

3. Astronomers discover a planet outside our solar system that orbits another star. What is the scientific term for such a planet?

4. What is the primary process that powers the Sun and other main-sequence stars, releasing vast amounts of energy?

5. Which type of galaxy is characterized by a central bulge and flat rotating disk with spiral arms containing young stars and gas?

6. Around a black hole, what is the 'point of no return' called, where nothing, not even light, can escape?

7. A region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape is known as a:

8. What theory describes the origin and evolution of the universe from a hot, dense state, leading to its current expansion?

9. What is the term for the vast collection of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter held together by gravity that forms the fundamental unit of the universe?

10. Astronomers detect regular pulses of radio waves coming from a very dense, rapidly spinning remnant of a massive star. What type of object have they most likely discovered?

11. In 2025, NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope helped confirm which record-breaking cosmic structure?

12. What fundamental force is most responsible for pulling together clouds of gas and dust to form new stars and planets?

13. Which component makes up the largest percentage of the universe's total mass-energy content, though it cannot be directly observed?

14. How do scientists primarily figure out what distant stars and galaxies are made of, like their chemical elements?

15. If a light-year measures the distance light travels in one Earth year, what does this tell you about looking at a galaxy 10 million light-years away?

16. What powerful event happens when a very massive star reaches the end of its life and explodes brightly?

17. Which private space company recently proposed a theoretical plan for a nuclear fusion-powered interstellar probe by the 2040s?

18. You observe two stars. Star A appears blue-white, while Star B appears orange-red. What can you infer about their relative surface temperatures?